Lit.Guruji

Dr. Faustus Dr.Faustus is an Elizabethan tragedy written by Christopher Marlowe. It was written between 1589 and 1592. This play depicts the character of Dr.Faustus , who sells his soul to the devil for knowledge. Dr.Faustus, the protagonist of this play has pursued doctorate in divinity from Wittenberg University. He is renowned for his knowledge and intelligence. He turns greedy to learn the art of magic (necromancy). Faustus's friends Valdes and Cornelius convince Faustus to learn magic. Faustus conjures Mephistopheles, the devil and asks him to make a deal with Lucifer. He is ready to gain knowledge and power for 24 years for his soul. He agrees and signs the contract with his blood. The word “ Homofuge ” (fly, man) appears on his arm. Faustus begins a second thought. He curses Mephistopheles for causing him lose. The good angel and bad angel arrive before Faustus. The good angel asks him to repent and the evil angel tell him to remain wicked to enjoy thi

  Lead      Lead is the first and most important paragraph of the news story. Readers will normally judge a story on newspaper by its lead. Busy readers read the lead and understands the news story. It is the gist of a story written in less than 35 words. A lead should induce the readers interest and curiosity. “The most important sentence in any article is the first one. If it doesn’t induce the reader to proceed    to the second sentence, your article is dead.”                                                                                   — William Zinsser,  On Writing Well The main function of the lead is not only to introduce the news story but to give the questions of the reader. The good lead answers all important information about the news story. Types of Lead: a)       Summary Lead: It is meant to give a quick summary in as few words as possible. I t contains most of the 5Ws (who, what, when, where, why) and the H (how).   For hard news a Summary Lead is used. b

  News News is factual information about current events. News is reported by a variety of sources, such as newspapers, magazines, television shows, cable and radio programs, Web sites, email messages. The purpose of the news is to inform, to educate and to entertain. It is commonly thought that  NEWS  is an acronym of the four main directions (north, east, west, and south), as  news  comes from everywhere. Broadly news is divided into two v   Hard news v   Soft news Hard news refers to the news stories that have a big impact at the society as a whole and need to be reported urgently. Examples include news on politics, crime, economics, international affairs, natural calamities, riots etc. Soft news on the other hand refers to the stories that provide other background information about world events, human interest stories or entertainment news.   Examples include sports news, celebrity news, or human-interest stories that deal with emotions. News Determinants or News S

The making of a writer Either write something worth reading or do something worth writing -         Benjamin Franklin Writing is an important part of communication. The essential qualification for a good writer according to Ernest Hemingway is “ … built in, shock-proof and shit detector”. He claims that a writer should have the ability to find out the difference between good and bad writing. They should be more curious about discovering true ideas. At modern times there are three kinds of writers, 1.      Quack writer – quack writers remains quack all his life and he is uninterested in writing. 2.      Quick writer – they are given a deadline to write. 3.      Quality writer- they have a commitment to write. These writers are called born writers. In English literature great writers like Shakespeare, Sir Walter Scott, Charles Dickens, Thomas Hardy, Keats, Shelley, Byron, Coleridge, Wordsworth, Marlow, Lamb were great  and born writers.  Every writers und

The Selfish – Giant -          Oscar Wilde The Selfish – Giant i s a short story written by the Irish author Oscar Wilde in the year 1888. This story got published in the anthology “ Happy Prince and Other Tales” . The story depicts how love and care can melt the hardest heart. It is a story of a little boy who was the messenger of God and a Selfish – Giant. The Children played in the garden of Selfish – Giant. The Giant returns home from a seven year visit to his friend, a Cornish Orge. He becomes furious by seeing the Children playing in his garden. He chases them away and builds a wall around his garden. He hangs a sign board stating “ TRESPASSERS Will BE PROSECUTED”. The poor Children were frustrated to see the garden. They played outside the garden around the wall. In the spring, flowers grew all over, but in the Giant’s garden there was no spring around. There was no summer and winter remained there. Neither birds nor flowers could be seen there. Only snow and frost

  God sees the truth but waits Leo Tolstoy “God sees the truth but waits” is a short story written by the Russian author Leo Tolstoy in the year 1872. This story is about a young merchant named Ivan Dimitrich Aksionov who lost hope but trusted only God. This story strengthens the biblical message that “ When the world is up against you, God alone knows the truth”. Aksionov lived with his wife and children in Vladimir. He owned two shops and a house. He is a handsome, humorous person and good in singing. One summer Aksionov plans to attend the Nizhny fair. His wife warned him about her bad dream. In the dream Aksionov had returned from the town with Grey hair. Aksionov started his journey and meets another merchant on his way. They both stay in the same inn. Aksionov awakens early and leaves for the fair. On his way he meets two soldiers in a troika. These two soldiers stopped him and began to question. They questioned him about the merchant he met in his travel. A

  center;"> Answer - Unit IV Grammar in Context: PRESENT PERFECT TENSE A) Write a suitable sentence using the PRESENT PERFECT TENSE: 1. Ann’s hair was dirty. Now it’s clean. (wash) ……... Ann has washed her hair………… 2. Tom was 80 kg. Now he’s 70. (lose weight) Tom has lost his weight 3. Bill played football yesterday. Now he can’t walk; his leg is in plaster. (break) Bill has broken his leg by playing football 4. My sister is looking for her pen. (lose) My sister has lost her pen. 5. Mary is on holiday in France. (go) Mary has gone to France. 6. Mr. Hill was in Canada last week. He’s back in London now. (be) Mr. Hills has been in Canada Last week. 7. Look! Mrs. Smith has got a lot of packages. (buy) Mrs. Smith has bought a lot of packages.   8. I can’t eat anything now. (eat too much) I have eaten too much. 9. Mrs. Jenkins is very tired. (clean / house) Mr. Jerkins has cleaned the house . 10. Tony needs a holiday. (work / hard / this year). Tony has wo

  1.     Listening and speaking a.        Listening with a purpose Purpose of Listening ·          Listening for enjoyment ·          Listening to learn ·          To understand and share ideas ·          To solve a problem ·          To follow directions Way of Listening ·          Maintain eye contact ·          Focus on ideas ·          Listen carefully ·          Identify goals and problem              B. Effective listening ·          Focus on the content ·          Look for familiar words ·          Identify the chunk of words ·          Pay attention to tonal variation             C. Tonal Variation Speech without tonal variation is incomplete and monotonous.

  2.READING AND WRITING 1. a STRATEGIES OF READING: SKIMMING AND SCANNING •              Skimming and Scanning are useful skills of reading. •              It helps us to read effectively and precisely. •              Readers skim through description and focus on the passage which is more relevant to the assignment or a term paper. •              The required information will then be read intensively. •              skimming gives an overall grasp of the text and to gather the required information Skimming Methods When you are reading using the skimming skills you will mainly use the following • Titles, subtitles or the headlines • Contents • Introduction • Synopsis Chapter beginnings • Paragraph • Bold/Italicised words • Review questions • Conclusion This strategy of skimming will be useful to write a term paper. SCANNING •              A reading skill to gather a specific piece of information in a text. •              Reader discards a lot o

  PARAGRAPHS: STRUCTURE AND TYPES Paragraph ·          A paragraph has a group of sentences and conveys a common idea. ·          It is composed of one main idea. ·          “one para, one idea is the formula for paragraph writing”. Structure: A paragraph should have three important components. i.                      the main idea of the paragraph should be stated or introduced. ii.                    Secondly, the main idea should be explained. iii.                  supporting details should be included to strengthen the main idea. What is topic sentence? The first sentence of the paragraph is said to be the topic sentence. The topic sentence states or introduces the topic or subject or main idea of the paragraph. A good topic sentence should be brief and emphatic. Unity A paragraph should have unity. For a good paragraph all the supporting sentences work together to develop the main idea. Unity of a paragraph can be achieved by meaningful sequencing of senten

Surfacing -          Margaret Atwood Margaret Atwood is a Canadian writer. She is a poetess, novelist and short story writer. She is eco-centric writer and a feminist. Her best novel surfacing (1972) focuses the relationship between nature and human. In Surfacing Atwood explores how women and nature are victimized by the patriarchy. She is the first Canadian Eco-feminist writer. Her themes are based on the status of women and environmental issues In Surfacing the unnamed narrator returns home after nine years to Northern Quebec after World war II. She comes in search of her father. She realizes the transformation of the place. She discovers that the Americans and Canadians were the main cause for environmental degradation. In the past children ran through the snow with their barefoot and enjoyed nature. But in the present nature is fragile. She claims that “White birches are dying; the disease is spreading up from the south”. The protagonist stumbles to discover the alien land