Lit.Guruji

Hayavadana By Girish Karnard “Hayavadana” is a thought-provoking play written by Indian playwright Girish Karnad. The story revolves around two main characters: Devadatta, a talented but physically imperfect poet, and Kapila, a well-built and handsome warrior. The central theme of the play explores the complexities of human identity, desire, and the quest for completeness. The narrative unfolds when both Devadatta and Kapila fall in love with a beautiful woman named Padmini. Devadatta, who desires physical perfection, feels inadequate due to his physical limitations. On the other hand, Kapila, who possesses the perfect physical form, feels intellectually inferior to Devadatta. Their individual struggles with inadequacy and dissatisfaction create a poignant exploration of the human condition. As the story progresses, the characters come across a horse-headed deity called Hayavadana, who grants them a wish each. Devadatta seeks physical perfection, while Kapila year

Antony and Cleopatra By William Shakespeare  Antony and Cleopatra is a captivating Shakespearean tragedy that delves into the passionate and tumultuous relationship between the Roman general, Mark Antony, and the Egyptian queen, Cleopatra. Set against a backdrop of political intrigue, power struggles, and love, the play explores themes of loyalty, ambition, and the clash between personal desires and responsibilities. The play begins with the triumvirate rulers of Rome—Antony, Octavius Caesar, and Lepidus—dealing with their political affairs. Antony is a  military leader. He becomes enchanted by Cleopatra, the seductive and charismatic Queen of Egypt. As his infatuation with her grows, he  neglects his duties. He creates a great tension within the triumvirate. He further poses grave threats to Rome's stability. Cleopatra, too, is a multifaceted character, embodying the alluring power of sensuality and femininity in a captivating manner.  As their relationship unfolds, An

Naga - Mandala  by Girish Karnard Naga-Mandala" is a play set in a village, written by Girish Karnad. The story revolves around Rani, a young woman in an unhappy marriage. One day, she discovers a cobra trapped in a termite mound near her house. She starts talking to the snake, considering it to be her husband, and names it Naga. To her surprise, Naga transforms into a handsome young man every night. Rani develops a deep emotional connection with him, finding solace and happiness in this mysterious relationship. However, during the daytime, Naga returns to his snake form. The play delves into themes of desire, love, and the blurred lines between reality and imagination. As the story progresses, Rani's husband becomes suspicious of her behavior, and the village is captivated by the rumors surrounding the snake-man. The narrative also involves a storytelling character named Appanna, who reveals the legend of Naga-Mandala, a cursed princess who falls in love with a sh

Mother  P. Lankesh P. Lankesh (1935 – 2000) was a famous poet of modern Kannada literature. He was a great short story writer, novelist, playwright, and journalist. In his lifetime, he won Central, State Academy, and National awards. He wrote "Avva" when he lost his mother. His poems "Avva" and "Avva 2" were sequels written twenty-five years after the first one. In Avva poem he pays tribute to his mother, a rustic woman who lived a uncomplicated life. In the second poem, the poet reflects on how much of his mother still lives within him after having lived a civilized life in the city for many years.  The poet initiates the poem by likening his mother to Mother Earth, portraying her as a fertile black land. Through clever metaphors, he showcases her remarkable productivity and strength, depicting her as black earth, abundant and green like a festival of white flowers. The poet reflects on how old the peasant woman was and ponders how man

Title: Exploring Social Realities in “Coolie” by Mulk Raj Anand Introduction : “Coolie,” is a wonderful novel written by Mulk Raj Anand. This novel delves into the harsh realities faced by the working class people in India during the colonial era. The book was  Published in 1936.  This novel presents a vivid portrayal of the life of a young boy, Munoo. He becomes a coolie (manual laborer) at a railway station.  Anand explores the struggles, injustices, and dehumanizing conditions endured by the underprivileged in society. The Struggles of Munoo: The novel begins by introducing Munoo, a young village boy whose life takes a drastic turn when he loses his family in a flood. Forced to leave his home, Munoo ends up at a railway station, where he becomes a coolie, carrying loads for meager wages. Anand  portrays the physical and emotional hardships faced by Munoo as he wrestles with poverty, exhaustion, and loneliness. Social Injustices: Through Munoo’s character, Ana

  The Solitary Reaper: A Melodic Ode to Nature's  Eternal Beauty William Wordsworth, an eminent poet of the Romantic era, possessed a profound appreciation for nature and the ability to express the depth of his emotions through poetry. Among his many poetic treasures, "The Solitary Reaper" stands as an immortal ode to the timeless beauty and poignant melancholy of the natural world. Published in 1807, this enchanting poem transports readers to the picturesque Scottish Highlands, where a lone reaper's song resonates with the poet's soul, transcending language and time. At the heart of the poem lies the encounter between the speaker and a solitary reaper—a young girl immersed in her labor, reaping grain amidst the stunning landscape. Wordsworth's masterful descriptions paint a vivid picture of the scene, where the girl's isolation amidst the grandeur of the Scottish Highlands exudes a sense of tranquility and rugged beauty. The focus then shifts

                           The Mad Lover                        - by Sisir Kumar Das Sisir Kumar Das was a poet, playwright, essayist, translator and an academic scholar. He was one of the pioneers in introducing Comparitive Literature . Ameya Dev calls him, “a scholar of the purest water”. The ephithet ' The Mad Lover' describes a person who is deeply and passionately in love. In this essay Sisir Kumar Das illustrates the mad frenzy of total devotion and absorption in God through some of the well known Bhakti poets of the medieval period.   Bhakti Movement: Bhakti movement was a common movement revolted against the shackles of social conventions and authoritarianism of the Brahminical priests and scholars who ruled over the temples. The movement voiced the joy of liberated spirit. There was an abundance of emotion, music, dance, and poetry as a mode of worship, discovery of power. The God appears as a child and at times as friend and as lover longing to mee

She Stoops to Conquer by Oliver Goldsmith Summary  She Stoops to Conquer  is a comedy play written by Oliver Goldsmith. It was first performed in 1773.  This play was set in the English countryside. This play  tells the story of two young couples and their humorous misadventures. The play revolves around Charles Marlow, a well-to-do young man who has a peculiar problem. He is extremely shy and nervous around upper-class women, but he is confident and charming around women of lower social status. Marlow is on his way to visit the Hardcastle family estate, where he is set to meet Kate Hardcastle, the daughter of the house, who is hoping for a marriage proposal. However, due to a series of misunderstandings, Marlow and his friend George Hastings mistakenly identify a nearby inn, managed by Mr. Hardcastle, as the Hardcastle mansion. This confusion sets the stage for a series of comedic situations and mistaken identities. Kate, realizing Marlow's discomfort around upper-clas

Arrow of God Summary by Chinua Achebe "Arrow of God" is a novel written by the Nigerian author Chinua Achebe. It was first published in 1964 and is the third novel in Achebe's acclaimed African Trilogy, following "Things Fall Apart" and "No Longer at Ease." "Arrow of God" is set in the fictional Igbo village of Umuaro in Nigeria during the early 20th century, during the period of British colonial rule. The story revolves around Ezeulu, the chief priest of Ulu, the deity worshipped by the villagers. Ezeulu is a respected and powerful figure who acts as a mediator between the spiritual realm and the community. The novel explores the complexities of power, religion, and cultural clash. Ezeulu's authority and the traditional Igbo way of life are challenged by the encroachment of British colonialism and the introduction of Christianity. As the British establish their control over the region, conflicts arise between Ezeulu and the c

Sonnet 116 Sonnet 116 is one of Shakespeare's most famous sonnets and explores the theme of love. It argues that true love is unchanging and remains constant despite the challenges and passing of time. The poet asserts that love is not dependent on external circumstances and does not waver or fade when faced with difficulties. Love, according to the sonnet, is a steadfast and unwavering force that guides individuals through the storms of life. The sonnet further emphasizes that love is not subject to the passage of time. It remains undiminished even as physical beauty and youth fade away. Love is portrayed as an eternal force that endures until the brink of death. In the final couplet, Shakespeare states that if his views on love are proven wrong, then he declares that he never wrote anything, and no man has ever truly loved.

Sonnet 65 Shakespeare, explores the theme of the fleeting nature of beauty and the power of time. The sonnet begins by establishing the idea that no material or natural element can resist the influence of mortality. Brass, stone, earth, and the boundless sea, which are often associated with strength and endurance, all succumb to the passage of time. The poet then contemplates how beauty, which is often equated with youth and vitality, can possibly withstand the relentless advance of time. The action of beauty is compared to that of a fragile flower, delicate and easily overpowered. The question arises: how can beauty, as fragile as it is, endure the destructive effects of time? The speaker further reflects on the power of time by imagining the summer season, traditionally associated with abundance and vitality. Even the sweet breath of summer, representing its vitality and beauty, struggles against the "wreckful siege" or destructive assault of the passing days. T

The Color Purple.  Celie as  empowered women. The Color Purple is a series of letters written by a southern black woman Celie, reflecting a history of oppression and abuse suffered at the hands of men. It is the story of a poor black called Celie who writes a letter to God. She writes about her roles as daughter, wife, sister and mother. Celie is completely powerless in the initial letters and God is the only person, she is able to talk with. Celie encounters many black women who mould her life. Shug Avery   Shug Avery is the Blue Singer, her husband Mr._____ is in love with. Though Celie is reduced to the level of being a servant to Shug, Shug finally becomes Celie's salvation.  Sofia Sofia is her strong -willed daughter-in-law. Her courage, endurance and strength seem to inspire Celie much.  Squeak Squeak , who goes through awakenings of her own finally demands Harpo to call her by her name Mary Agnes.  Celie at the end of the novel rises in power as she creates a per

Anand's "Coolie" Explores Inequality Mulkraj Anand coolie Mulk Raj Anand was an Indian writer and one of the pioneers of modern Indian literature in English. He was born on December 12, 1905, in Peshawar (now in Pakistan) and passed away on September 28, 2004, in Pune, India. Anand's novel "Coolie" was published in 1936 and is considered one of his most significant works. The book tells the story of Munoo, a young boy from a lower-caste background, who becomes a coolie (manual laborer) to earn a living. Through Munoo's experiences, Anand portrays the harsh realities and social injustices faced by the working class and lower-caste individuals in India during the British colonial era. "Coolie" explores themes of poverty, exploitation, caste discrimination, and the struggle for dignity and equality. It sheds light on the dehumanizing conditions endured by coolies, who often worked in grueling labor-intensive jobs for meager wages. Anan

Ralph waldo Emerson the nature's strength Ralph Waldo Emerson recognized the immense power and beauty of nature, often expressing a deep reverence for its strength and influence. In his works, he celebrated nature as a source of inspiration, spiritual connection, and personal growth. Emerson believed that nature held a transformative power over individuals. He saw it as a teacher, inviting people to observe and learn from its rhythms and patterns. By immersing oneself in the natural world, one could gain a deeper understanding of the interconnectedness of all things and tap into a universal wisdom. Emerson saw nature as a catalyst for personal growth, urging individuals to embrace their individuality and seek their own paths, guided by the lessons imparted by the natural world. For Emerson, nature's strength lay not only in its physical manifestations but also in its ability to elevate the human spirit. He emphasized the restorative and healing effects of nature, vi

Laurence Dunbar’s Sparrow Sparrow Laurence Dunbar, also known as Paul Laurence Dunbar, was an influential African-American poet, novelist, and playwright. He was born on June 27, 1872, in Dayton, Ohio, and passed away on February 9, 1906, at the age of 33. Dunbar’s poem titled “The Sparrow” is a poignant piece that reflects upon the struggles and aspirations of the African-American community during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. “The Sparrow” offers valuable insights into Dunbar’s poetic style and themes. In “The Sparrow,” Dunbar employs vivid imagery and symbolism to convey the experiences of marginalized individuals and the desire for freedom and equality. The poem begins by describing the sparrow, a small and seemingly insignificant bird, which represents the African-American community. The sparrow is contrasted with the “birds of brilliant hue” who possess greater privileges and advantages in society. Through this contrast, Dunbar highlights the plight of Afri

Shakespeare Sonnet No. 18 Introduction: William Shakespeare is regarded as one of the greatest poets in English literature. His sonnets explores themes of love, beauty, and the passage of time. Shakespeare’s Sonnet18, delves into the remarkable qualities of his beloved. He follows the structure of an English Sonnet. It consists of three quatrians (12lines) and a couplet (2 lines). It follows the rhyme scheme abab cdcd efef gg. Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18 begins with a question, “ Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?” The speaker ponders whether his beloved should be compared to a summer’s day. He immediately realizes that his beloved is more lovely and perfect than the Summer season. The speaker depicts the beauty of a summer’s day which is temporary, while the beauty of the beloved is eternal. The phrase “eternal summer” expresses the idea that the beloved’s beauty is not subject to destruction. The beloved’s beauty, according to the speaker, will not fade or diminish w

Khoi Khoi Facts 1.     The Khoi Khoi people, also known as the Khoikhoi or the Khoekhoe, are indigenous pastoralists of South Africa. 2.     They greatly relied on the grazing of their livestock, such as cattle, goats, and sheep, for their survival. 3.     Their language is known as Khoekhoe or Khoi. 4.     The Khoi Khoi were among the first indigenous peoples encountered by European explorers in the 15 th century when Bartolomeu Dias landed on the southern tip of Africa. 5.     The Khoi Khoi society was organized into autonomous clans or chiefdoms, each led by a chief or captain. These leaders played a significant role in decision-making and resolving disputes within the community. 6.     The Khoi Khoi were skilled in trading. They exchange goods such as animal hides, ivory, and ostrich feathers with other indigenous groups and later with European settlers. 7.     They have a rich oral tradition that includes storytelling, proverbs, and myths. 8.     After

Hottentot Venus The term “Hottentot Venus” refers to Saartjie Baartman, a woman from the Khoikhoi ethnic group in South Africa. In the early 19 th  century, she was exhibited as a curiosity In Europe under the name “Hottentot Venus” due to her physical features, particularly her large buttocks. Saartjie Baartman was exploited and objectified during her lifetime, and her story is often cited as an example of racial and gender exploitation. She was subjected to dehumanizing treatment and exhibited as a freak show attraction. After her death, her remains were displayed in museums for many years. In recent decades, there has been significant advocacy and efforts to reclaim Baartman’s dignity and repatriate her remains to South Africa. Her story has raised awareness about the historical mistreatment of indigenous peoples and the need for cultural sensitivity and respect. It's Important to approach discussions about Saartjie Baartman and her experience with sensitivity and re

Sudha Murthy and Her novels  Sudha Murthy   I believe you are referring to Sudha Murthy, an Indian author, social worker, and philanthropist. Sudha Murthy is known for her works in both English and Kannada literature, including novels, short stories, and children's books. She is also the chairperson of the Infosys Foundation, a charitable organization in India. Sudha Murthys novels Sudha Murthy has written several novels in English and Kannada. Here are some of her well-known novels: " Dollar Bahu" (English): This novel explores the themes of family dynamics and the contrast between Indian and American cultures through the story of a traditional Indian family and their daughter-in-law who moves to the United States. " Mahashweta " (Kannada): It is a critically acclaimed novel that deals with the issue of caste discrimination in Indian society. The story revolves around a young woman named Anupama, who suffers from vitiligo, and her struggles against

Epithalamion Summary  "Epithalamion" by Edmund Spenser is an exquisite and complex poem that serves as a profound celebration of love and marriage. Composed for the occasion of the poet's own wedding to Elizabeth Boyle, this poetic masterpiece spans 365 lines, representing each day of the year, and showcases Spenser's poetic prowess through its rich imagery and intricate structure. The poem begins before dawn, with Spenser awakening and embarking on a poetic journey that chronicles the events leading up to his wedding day. As the day unfolds, Spenser eloquently expresses his deep love and devotion to his bride, weaving together personal experiences, mythological allusions, and natural imagery to create a tapestry of emotions. Spenser skillfully employs vivid and sensual imagery throughout "Epithalamion" to bring his feelings to life. He evokes the sights, sounds, and scents of the wedding day, transporting the reader into the midst of the celebra

Prothalamion Summary Prothalamion published in 1596 and is considered one of Spenser's most famous works. The poem is written in the form of a marriage song, celebrating the double wedding of two sisters. It begins with a description of the setting, the River Thames, which is depicted as a beautiful and majestic river. The poet then addresses the Thames and invokes various mythological figures and natural elements to bless the forthcoming marriage. As the poem progresses, the focus shifts to the two brides, who are described in great detail. Their beauty and virtues are praised, and the poet expresses his hopes and wishes for their happiness and fruitful marriages. He also mentions the guests attending the wedding and their joyous celebrations. Throughout the poem, there is a strong emphasis on the theme of love and the transformative power of marriage. The poet explores the idea of love's ability to bring joy, harmony, and a sense of renewal to individuals and soci

Title: The Transformative Power of "Fire on the Mountain" by Anita Desai Introduction : "Fire on the Mountain," a captivating novel written by Anita Desai, explores the complexities of human relationships, the burdens of aging, and the pursuit of personal fulfillment. Set against the backdrop of a remote Himalayan village, Desai masterfully weaves a tale that delves into the universal themes of identity, sacrifice, and the transformative power of self-discovery. Through her lyrical prose and vivid storytelling, Desai invites readers to reflect on the profound impact that the pursuit of one's desires can have on individual lives. Body : Vivid Setting and Symbolism: Anita Desai's skilled use of descriptive language transports readers to the ethereal beauty of the Himalayan village, infusing the narrative with a sense of enchantment and mystery. The mountain itself serves as a powerful symbol throughout the novel, representing both the barriers that

Vikram Seth is an acclaimed Indian author known for his versatile writing, including novels, poetry, travelogues, and memoirs. He was born on June 20, 1952, in Kolkata, India. Seth has received numerous awards and recognition for his literary contributions. One of Vikram Seth's most famous works is the novel "A Suitable Boy," published in 1993. It is an epic tale set in post-independence India and follows the story of a young woman named Lata, who is seeking a suitable husband. The novel explores themes of love, family, social class, and political turmoil against the backdrop of a changing Indian society. In addition to "A Suitable Boy," Seth has written several other notable works, including: "The Golden Gate" (1986): This novel is written entirely in verse and tells the story of a group of friends living in California's Silicon Valley. "An Equal Music" (1999): This novel revolves around the love story of a violinist named Michael and a

Title: "The Immortals of Meluha: A Journey into Myth and Heroism" Introduction: "The Immortals of Meluha," authored by Amish Tripathi, is the first installment in the highly acclaimed Shiva Trilogy. Released in 2010, this novel takes readers on a captivating journey into a world where mythology intertwines with adventure and explores the transformation of an ordinary man into a revered deity. With its intricate storytelling and compelling characters, "The Immortals of Meluha" presents a riveting tale that combines history, fantasy, and philosophy. Synopsis: Set against the backdrop of ancient India, the story unfolds in the kingdom of Meluha, which faces numerous perils and struggles. The protagonist, Shiva, a Tibetan immigrant, is unexpectedly designated as the prophesied "Neelkanth" who will lead Meluha to victory against its enemies, the Chandravanshis. Tasked with the responsibility of fulfilling his destiny, Shiva embarks on an e

Quiz Questions & Answers Here are 10 quiz questions and answers based on Shakespeare: 1.  In which play does the character Hamlet utter the famous line, "To be or not to be, that is the question"? Answer: Hamlet. 2. Who is the star-crossed lover of Romeo in Shakespeare's play "Romeo and Juliet"? Answer: Juliet. 3. Which Shakespearean comedy features the character Puck and involves mistaken identities and mischievous fairies? Answer: A Midsummer Night's Dream. 4. Which play by Shakespeare tells the tragic story of the Moorish general Othello? Answer: Othello. 5. In the play "Macbeth," who becomes king after Duncan's murder? Answer: Macbeth. 6. Which Shakespearean play includes the characters Rosalind, Orlando, and Touchstone and is set primarily in the Forest of Arden? Answer: As You Like It. 7 . Who is the villainous uncle who usurps the throne in Shakespeare's play "Hamlet"? Answer: Claudius. 8 . Which play featur

Freud's Psychology Overview Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst. Freud's theories and ideas have had a significant impact on psychology, psychiatry, and the field of mental health. Here are some key concepts and ideas associated with Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalysis: Freud developed the practice of psychoanalysis as a way to investigate and treat mental disorders. It involves exploring the unconscious mind and bringing repressed thoughts, memories, and emotions into conscious awareness. Unconscious mind: According to Freud, the unconscious mind contains thoughts, desires, and memories that are not accessible to conscious awareness. He believed that unconscious processes influence our thoughts, behaviors, and motivations. Structure of the mind: Freud proposed a model of the mind consisting of three parts: the id, ego,

Purple Hibiscus "Purple Hibiscus" is a novel written by Nigerian author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie. It was first published in 2003 and is Adichie's debut novel. The story is set in Nigeria and revolves around the life of a young girl named Kambili Achike. The novel is narrated by Kambili, who comes from a wealthy and devoutly religious family. Her father, Eugene, is a strict and authoritarian figure who runs his household with an iron fist. He is respected in the community for his successful business ventures and his philanthropy. However, behind closed doors, Eugene is a violent and abusive father, imposing strict religious practices on his family. Kambili and her older brother, Jaja, live in fear of their father's temper and violence. Their lives change when they visit their aunt Ifeoma and their cousins in Nsukka, a town in southeastern Nigeria. In contrast to their oppressive home environment, Nsukka is a place of freedom, intellectual stimulation, and l

Color Purple Summary "The Color Purple" is a novel written by Alice Walker, first published in 1982. The story is set in rural Georgia during the early 20th century and follows the life of Celie, a young African-American woman. Celie's life is filled with hardship and abuse. She is raped by her stepfather, who also takes away her two children and forces her to marry a cruel and abusive man named Albert, known as "Mr." Throughout the novel, Celie expresses her thoughts and experiences through a series of letters addressed to God. Celie finds solace and support in her relationships with other women. She forms a deep bond with her sister Nettie, who leaves their abusive home to become a missionary in Africa. Nettie's letters provide Celie with a connection to the outside world and hope for a better life. Another important character is Shug Avery, a blues singer and Albert's former lover. Shug becomes a source of inspiration and love for Celie, c

Color Purple Summary "The Color Purple" is a novel written by Alice Walker, first published in 1982. The story is set in rural Georgia during the early 20th century and follows the life of Celie, a young African-American woman. Celie's life is filled with hardship and abuse. She is raped by her stepfather, who also takes away her two children and forces her to marry a cruel and abusive man named Albert, known as "Mr." Throughout the novel, Celie expresses her thoughts and experiences through a series of letters addressed to God. Celie finds solace and support in her relationships with other women. She forms a deep bond with her sister Nettie, who leaves their abusive home to become a missionary in Africa. Nettie's letters provide Celie with a connection to the outside world and hope for a better life. Another important character is Shug Avery, a blues singer and Albert's former lover. Shug becomes a source of inspiration and love for Celie, c