Lit.Guruji

  center;"> Answer - Unit IV Grammar in Context: PRESENT PERFECT TENSE A) Write a suitable sentence using the PRESENT PERFECT TENSE: 1. Ann’s hair was dirty. Now it’s clean. (wash) ……... Ann has washed her hair………… 2. Tom was 80 kg. Now he’s 70. (lose weight) Tom has lost his weight 3. Bill played football yesterday. Now he can’t walk; his leg is in plaster. (break) Bill has broken his leg by playing football 4. My sister is looking for her pen. (lose) My sister has lost her pen. 5. Mary is on holiday in France. (go) Mary has gone to France. 6. Mr. Hill was in Canada last week. He’s back in London now. (be) Mr. Hills has been in Canada Last week. 7. Look! Mrs. Smith has got a lot of packages. (buy) Mrs. Smith has bought a lot of packages.   8. I can’t eat anything now. (eat too much) I have eaten too much. 9. Mrs. Jenkins is very tired. (clean / house) Mr. Jerkins has cleaned the house . 10. Tony needs a holiday. (work / hard / this year). Tony has wo

  1.     Listening and speaking a.        Listening with a purpose Purpose of Listening ·          Listening for enjoyment ·          Listening to learn ·          To understand and share ideas ·          To solve a problem ·          To follow directions Way of Listening ·          Maintain eye contact ·          Focus on ideas ·          Listen carefully ·          Identify goals and problem              B. Effective listening ·          Focus on the content ·          Look for familiar words ·          Identify the chunk of words ·          Pay attention to tonal variation             C. Tonal Variation Speech without tonal variation is incomplete and monotonous.

  2.READING AND WRITING 1. a STRATEGIES OF READING: SKIMMING AND SCANNING •              Skimming and Scanning are useful skills of reading. •              It helps us to read effectively and precisely. •              Readers skim through description and focus on the passage which is more relevant to the assignment or a term paper. •              The required information will then be read intensively. •              skimming gives an overall grasp of the text and to gather the required information Skimming Methods When you are reading using the skimming skills you will mainly use the following • Titles, subtitles or the headlines • Contents • Introduction • Synopsis Chapter beginnings • Paragraph • Bold/Italicised words • Review questions • Conclusion This strategy of skimming will be useful to write a term paper. SCANNING •              A reading skill to gather a specific piece of information in a text. •              Reader discards a lot o

  PARAGRAPHS: STRUCTURE AND TYPES Paragraph ·          A paragraph has a group of sentences and conveys a common idea. ·          It is composed of one main idea. ·          “one para, one idea is the formula for paragraph writing”. Structure: A paragraph should have three important components. i.                      the main idea of the paragraph should be stated or introduced. ii.                    Secondly, the main idea should be explained. iii.                  supporting details should be included to strengthen the main idea. What is topic sentence? The first sentence of the paragraph is said to be the topic sentence. The topic sentence states or introduces the topic or subject or main idea of the paragraph. A good topic sentence should be brief and emphatic. Unity A paragraph should have unity. For a good paragraph all the supporting sentences work together to develop the main idea. Unity of a paragraph can be achieved by meaningful sequencing of senten

Surfacing -          Margaret Atwood Margaret Atwood is a Canadian writer. She is a poetess, novelist and short story writer. She is eco-centric writer and a feminist. Her best novel surfacing (1972) focuses the relationship between nature and human. In Surfacing Atwood explores how women and nature are victimized by the patriarchy. She is the first Canadian Eco-feminist writer. Her themes are based on the status of women and environmental issues In Surfacing the unnamed narrator returns home after nine years to Northern Quebec after World war II. She comes in search of her father. She realizes the transformation of the place. She discovers that the Americans and Canadians were the main cause for environmental degradation. In the past children ran through the snow with their barefoot and enjoyed nature. But in the present nature is fragile. She claims that “White birches are dying; the disease is spreading up from the south”. The protagonist stumbles to discover the alien land

  Hayavadana -           Girish Karnad Girish Karnad was an Indian playwright, an actor, a film director and a scholar who worked for South Asian Cinema in Bolly wood.   He composed plays in Kannada and translated it into English. His plays revolve around history and mythology. He received MA Sri and Padma Bhushan. The play Hayavadana commences with a pooja to Lord Ganesha. The protagonist of this play is Devadatta, the son of a Brahman. He is a man of wisdom and knowledge. The second significant character in this play is Kapila, the son of an ironsmith. He is physically strong and has got a wonderful physique.   In this play Devadatta, and Kapila are intimate friends. As the play begins there is an uproar of fear. An actor comes running onstage shrieking at announcing a creature’s entry with a horse's head, man's body and voice of a human. Bhagavata does not believe the creature and he try to pull off the mask from the head. But soon he realizes the creature to be a r

  Daffodils -         William Wordsworth Daffodils is a reputed nature poem written by William Wordsworth in the year 1804. He was a romantic poet who was influenced by nature. His poems basically focus on the scenic beauty and the English country side. He saw a number of daffodils when he was walking along the field. The scenic beauty of the flower made him to write this poem.                 Once the poet was travelling unaccompanied and he was able to explore a patch of cloud floating over the valley and hills. He was able to view a huge number of golden daffodils, beside the lake, underneath the trees flapping and dancing in the gust.             The daffodils resembled like stars that shine and twinkle at night on the galaxy. The poet perceives the boundless line along the boundary of lake or shore. The poet is able to see ten – thousands of daffodils at a glance. These daffodils are dancing merrily and are moving their heads with joy and cheer. Along with the daffodils

  Solitary Reaper -         William Wordsworth           Solitary Reaper is a Lyrical Ballad written by William Shakespeare. The poem was published in the year 1807.   The trip which Wordsworth made along with his sister Dorothy Wordsworth to Scotland in the year 1803 is the main source of his inspiration to write this poem.      Solitary Reaper is a poem of music. This poem talks about a Scottish girl who sings a plaintive song as she cuts hay with a sickle. The poet keenly listens to the song of the reaper but he is not able to comprehend the tone and language of the song. But he explores the melancholic strain in the poem. The poet glorifies the song of the Highland girl. He compares her song to that of a Nightingale and the Cuckoo bird.             Wordsworth is curious to know about the song of the Solitary Reaper. He desires to explore the interior meaning of this poem. He guesses the song is about sorrow or loss or about unhappy thing. He doubts whether the song depicts

                          Lochinvar -         Sir Walter Scott Lochinvar is a lovely and wonderful ballad written by Sir Walter.   The poem is set in between the border of Scotland and England. It is a ballad and at the same time it’s a love poem too.   In this ballad many characters are searching for Ellen. Lochinvar was a young Scottish Lord who loved the fair Ellen of the Netherby clan. Ellen also loved Lochinvar. Lochinvar asks her father for his desire to marry Ellen. But Ellen’s father rejects for the marriage. Lochinvar hears about the bethoral of Ellen to another man. He rode nonstop to stop the marriage. He rode continuously without stopping to take a break or even to take time to cross the fordless Eske River. When Lochinvar entered, the bride had already consented to the wedding. Lochinvar said his intention to the bride’s father that he had come in peace to drink wine and dance at the wedding. He convinced the family members claiming that he has come only to enjoy

  Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening                           - Robert Frost The Poem “Stopping by Woods” was written in the year 1912 by the famous writer Robert Frost. He is an American poet. His poetry deals with nature and in few of his poems he talks about human Psyche.   In this poem the seasons are often used for the relationship between life and death.        The poet was travelling through a lovely, dark and deep wood. The scenic beauty tempts him to stop there and admire the beauty of nature. He wonders by seeing the beauty of nature. He realizes that the owner of these woods lives in a town of a nearby village. The little horse feels strange to cease in the middle of the forest. The horse shakes his harness bell pretending to be impatient. The horse realizes that there is some mistake in stopping there. The entire atmosphere was dark and gloomy with snow laden trees. In three words we can sum up this poem stating “life goes on”. Feelings and emotions are high th

  Road not Taken -         Robert Frost. Road not Taken is a famous poem written by the American poet Robert Frost . In this poem the narrator describes himself as a traveler while traveling on the road of life. In this poem the poet is traveling through the woods. He looks at the grassy road diverging in yellow wood. He finds that the second path is little better than the first road.   He claims that it may be better to go on the one who has not used much travelled. Both of the paths equally lay there without having been walked on so far. He says no step had trodden them black so no step had made them dark with footsteps and mud and being pressed down like leaves pressed into the mud so both paths are untaken this morning anyway. He kept the first road for another day. He comes to a point where the road splits into two parts. These two parts indicate the choices that come in one's life. one of them is the easiest option whereas the other option is comparatively difficul

  Addison as an essayist   Addison is well known for his prose style, grace and elegance along with Richard Steele. He published his Spectator along with Steele in the year 1711. Addison wrote 214 essays out of 554. The purpose of writing this essay is to teach morality with wit. He sought not only to educate his audience but to regulate their passions and promote self – discipline, tolerance and moderation. His essays were instrumental in spreading wisdom. He tried to refine his readers. So, he brings out the little vanities and all the big vices of his time with gentle humor and kind ridicule. Thus, the aim of spectator is to “enliven morality with wit and to temper wit with morality”. Addison’s essays serve as a vehicle for the formation of “common sense views” . In fact, he was the most genius person to teach wisdom to the people of his age.   Johnson regards Addison “as a describer of life and manners, he must be allowed the first of the first rank…”. Addison stands remark

    The Spouse: Truth about Marriage by Shobha De BOOK REVIEW  Sobhaa de an eminent feminist writer in The Spouse explores the truth about marriages. She ventures ample wisdom for the spouses to distinguish the tricks in marriage. This book highlights the modern Indian marriage. She depicts the plight of both the sexes after marriage. She talks about the past marriages were gender inequality persisted and marriages did not terminate in divorce. She decries the advent of modernity and equality among the couple but the divorce rate has augmented. She makes a contrast between past and present Indian marriages. Being a feminist writer in this novel explores the men in the contemporary society who are facing critical situations under the roof of a woman. She exhibits great concern for men.  She implies the flaws seen among both the sexes in the current scenario. In this book she makes us to realize the moral fact that to go through a happy married life both men and women should feel free

  In the Depth -           Dal Stivens In the Depths is a tragic story of a fisher community. A bright young mullet was talking to its friend (another mullet) in a giant cave on the sea bed. A large green fish entered the cave and swam up and down. It peered inside, while his tail fanned the sand on the sea bed. On the advice of the other mullet both of the them got into a servile quickly. In the crevice the bright young mullet complained in a bad-tempered way that it was intolerable to  skulk like this. They decided to put up a show of strength. At the same time, they thought they must  have a rehearsal. The large green fish was a vegetarian and was merely inquisitive. After he had peeked into the cave for a few more minutes he left the place shuffling up the sand with the flukes of his tail. Stirred by the words of the bright young mullet they formed themselves into the frame of a giant fish. They were practising fearsome grunts in unison. At that time the large green fish