Lit.Guruji

  1.     Listening and speaking a.        Listening with a purpose Purpose of Listening ·          Listening for enjoyment ·          Listening to learn ·          To understand and share ideas ·          To solve a problem ·          To follow directions Way of Listening ·          Maintain eye contact ·          Focus on ideas ·          Listen carefully ·          Identify goals and problem              B. Effective listening ·          Focus on the content ·          Look for familiar words ·          Identify the chunk of words ·          Pay attention to tonal variation             C. Tonal Variation Speech without tonal variation is incomplete and monotonous.

  2.READING AND WRITING 1. a STRATEGIES OF READING: SKIMMING AND SCANNING •              Skimming and Scanning are useful skills of reading. •              It helps us to read effectively and precisely. •              Readers skim through description and focus on the passage which is more relevant to the assignment or a term paper. •              The required information will then be read intensively. •              skimming gives an overall grasp of the text and to gather the required information Skimming Methods When you are reading using the skimming skills you will mainly use the following • Titles, subtitles or the headlines • Contents • Introduction • Synopsis Chapter beginnings • Paragraph • Bold/Italicised words • Review questions • Conclusion This strategy of skimming will be useful to write a term paper. SCANNING •              A reading skill to gather a specific piece of information in a text. •              Reader discards a lot o

  PARAGRAPHS: STRUCTURE AND TYPES Paragraph ·          A paragraph has a group of sentences and conveys a common idea. ·          It is composed of one main idea. ·          “one para, one idea is the formula for paragraph writing”. Structure: A paragraph should have three important components. i.                      the main idea of the paragraph should be stated or introduced. ii.                    Secondly, the main idea should be explained. iii.                  supporting details should be included to strengthen the main idea. What is topic sentence? The first sentence of the paragraph is said to be the topic sentence. The topic sentence states or introduces the topic or subject or main idea of the paragraph. A good topic sentence should be brief and emphatic. Unity A paragraph should have unity. For a good paragraph all the supporting sentences work together to develop the main idea. Unity of a paragraph can be achieved by meaningful sequencing of senten

Surfacing -          Margaret Atwood Margaret Atwood is a Canadian writer. She is a poetess, novelist and short story writer. She is eco-centric writer and a feminist. Her best novel surfacing (1972) focuses the relationship between nature and human. In Surfacing Atwood explores how women and nature are victimized by the patriarchy. She is the first Canadian Eco-feminist writer. Her themes are based on the status of women and environmental issues In Surfacing the unnamed narrator returns home after nine years to Northern Quebec after World war II. She comes in search of her father. She realizes the transformation of the place. She discovers that the Americans and Canadians were the main cause for environmental degradation. In the past children ran through the snow with their barefoot and enjoyed nature. But in the present nature is fragile. She claims that “White birches are dying; the disease is spreading up from the south”. The protagonist stumbles to discover the alien land

  Hayavadana -           Girish Karnad Girish Karnad was an Indian playwright, an actor, a film director and a scholar who worked for South Asian Cinema in Bolly wood.   He composed plays in Kannada and translated it into English. His plays revolve around history and mythology. He received MA Sri and Padma Bhushan. The play Hayavadana commences with a pooja to Lord Ganesha. The protagonist of this play is Devadatta, the son of a Brahman. He is a man of wisdom and knowledge. The second significant character in this play is Kapila, the son of an ironsmith. He is physically strong and has got a wonderful physique.   In this play Devadatta, and Kapila are intimate friends. As the play begins there is an uproar of fear. An actor comes running onstage shrieking at announcing a creature’s entry with a horse's head, man's body and voice of a human. Bhagavata does not believe the creature and he try to pull off the mask from the head. But soon he realizes the creature to be a r

  Daffodils -         William Wordsworth Daffodils is a reputed nature poem written by William Wordsworth in the year 1804. He was a romantic poet who was influenced by nature. His poems basically focus on the scenic beauty and the English country side. He saw a number of daffodils when he was walking along the field. The scenic beauty of the flower made him to write this poem.                 Once the poet was travelling unaccompanied and he was able to explore a patch of cloud floating over the valley and hills. He was able to view a huge number of golden daffodils, beside the lake, underneath the trees flapping and dancing in the gust.             The daffodils resembled like stars that shine and twinkle at night on the galaxy. The poet perceives the boundless line along the boundary of lake or shore. The poet is able to see ten – thousands of daffodils at a glance. These daffodils are dancing merrily and are moving their heads with joy and cheer. Along with the daffodils

  Solitary Reaper -         William Wordsworth           Solitary Reaper is a Lyrical Ballad written by William Shakespeare. The poem was published in the year 1807.   The trip which Wordsworth made along with his sister Dorothy Wordsworth to Scotland in the year 1803 is the main source of his inspiration to write this poem.      Solitary Reaper is a poem of music. This poem talks about a Scottish girl who sings a plaintive song as she cuts hay with a sickle. The poet keenly listens to the song of the reaper but he is not able to comprehend the tone and language of the song. But he explores the melancholic strain in the poem. The poet glorifies the song of the Highland girl. He compares her song to that of a Nightingale and the Cuckoo bird.             Wordsworth is curious to know about the song of the Solitary Reaper. He desires to explore the interior meaning of this poem. He guesses the song is about sorrow or loss or about unhappy thing. He doubts whether the song depicts