Lit.Guruji

African beauty standards are diverse and deeply rooted in the continent’s vast range of ethnic, cultural, and regional traditions. Each culture expresses its own ideals of beauty—shaped by history, spirituality, social values, and colonial influence. Below is an overview of African beauty standards across different cultures and regions: 🌍 1 . West Africa Countries : Nigeria, Ghana, Senegal, Mali, Sierra Leone Body Shape: Fuller, curvaceous figures are traditionally admired. In many West African societies, such as among the Yoruba and Akan, a woman’s voluptuousness symbolizes fertility, health, and wealth. Skin Tone: Deep, glowing complexions are prized. However, due to colonial influence and Western media, skin-lightening practices have unfortunately become more common in urban areas. Hairstyles : Braiding, threading, and intricate cornrows have deep cultural meanings—representing tribe, status, or age. The Fulani women, for example, are known for their distinctive braids ...

Title: Death and the King’s Horseman Playwright: Wole Soyinka Country: Nigeria Genre: Tragic drama (based on a real historical event) 🌍 Background The play is set in Oyo, Nigeria, during British colonial rule in the 1940s. It is inspired by a true story where a king’s horseman was supposed to commit ritual suicide following the death of his king, to accompany him to the afterlife. However, the ritual was interrupted by a British colonial officer — causing cultural and spiritual chaos. 👥 Main Characters Elesin Oba – The king’s horseman, who must die to accompany his king to the afterlife. Olunde – Elesin’s son, educated in England as a doctor. Iyaloja – The “Mother of the Market,” a wise woman representing Yoruba tradition. Simon Pilkings – A British district officer who misunderstands Yoruba customs. Jane Pilkings – His wife, more sympathetic but still limited in understanding. The Praise-Singer – A traditional musician who celebrates Elesin and reminds him of his duty. ...

The history of African slavery is long, complex, and deeply influential on global history. It spans thousands of years, with distinct phases — from ancient African systems of servitude to the brutal transatlantic slave trade that reshaped continents. Here’s a detailed overview: 🏺 1 . Slavery in Africa before European Contact Before Europeans arrived, various forms of slavery or servitude already existed in many African societies, but they were different in nature from what later developed: Domestic slavery: Enslaved people often lived within families, serving as workers or concubines but sometimes gaining status or freedom over time. War captives: Many slaves were prisoners of war or debtors; they could be integrated into new communities. Economic use: In kingdoms like Ghana, Mali, and Songhai, slaves worked in agriculture, trade, and administration. African slavery was generally not based on race and was not hereditary — meaning the children of slaves were often free. 🚢 2. The Arab...

Summary of The Remains of the Day (1989) by Kazuo Ishiguro, which won the Booker Prize the same year. It is a deeply moving and subtle novel about memory, duty, and lost opportunities — told through the quiet, restrained voice of an English butler. 📘 Overview Protagonist: Mr. Stevens, an aging English butler. Setting: Post–World War II England, mainly at Darlington Hall, a grand English estate. Narrative Style: First-person, reflective narration — Stevens recounts his life during a road trip in the 1950s. 🧳 Plot Summary 1. The Journey Begins The story takes place in 1956. Mr. Stevens, the long-time butler of Darlington Hall, decides to take a road trip across the English countryside in his new employer’s car. His current employer is Mr. Farraday, an American gentleman who encourages him to take a short holiday. Stevens plans to visit Miss Kenton (now Mrs. Benn), the former housekeeper of Darlington Hall, whom he hasn’t seen for about 20 years. He hopes to persuade her to...

Summary of Cloudstreet ( 1991) by Tim Winton, one of the most celebrated Australian novels of the 20th century. It won the Miles Franklin Award (1992) and is often praised for its portrayal of family, survival, and the Australian spirit. 📘 Overview Cloudstreet tells the story of two working-class families—the Pickles and the Lambs—who share a large house in Perth, Western Australia, at No. 1 Cloud Street, over a period of twenty years (1940s–1960s). The novel explores family, luck, faith, and the meaning of home, blending realism with touches of magical and spiritual elements. 🏠 The Two Families The Pickles Family Headed by Sam Pickles, a man who believes in “luck” more than hard work. His wife, Dolly, is an alcoholic and unfaithful, often neglecting their children. Their children are Rose, Ted, and Chub. After Sam loses his hand in an accident, the family inherits a large but run-down house—Cloudstreet—from a distant relative. The Lamb Family The Lambs are hard-working,...

Summary of All the Light We Cannot See (2014) by Anthony Doerr, winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction (2015) — a beautifully written novel set during World War II that explores the lives of two young people on opposite sides of the conflict. 📘 Overview The novel alternates between two main characters: Marie-Laure LeBlanc, a blind French girl living in Paris and later in Saint-Malo. Werner Pfennig, a German orphan with a brilliant mind for radios. Their stories move between childhood and wartime, eventually intersecting as the war nears its end. 🧭 Summary by Parts 1. Childhood and Early Life Marie-Laure LeBlanc lives in Paris with her father, a locksmith at the Museum of Natural History. She goes blind at age six, and her father builds a miniature model of their neighborhood so she can memorize it by touch. She loves books, especially Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea by Jules Verne. Meanwhile, in Germany: Werner Pfennig grows up in an orphanage in the coal-mining ...

Detailed summary of Call Me by Your Name (2007) by André Aciman — a deeply emotional and sensual coming-of-age love story. 🌿 Overview Call Me by Your Name is set in summer 1983 in Northern Italy. It tells the story of Elio Perlman, a 17-year-old Jewish-Italian boy, and Oliver, a 24-year-old American scholar who comes to stay at Elio’s family home. The novel explores first love, desire, longing, and the bittersweet intensity of youth. 💞 Detailed Summary 1. Arrival of Oliver Elio lives with his parents in a villa in Italy. His father, a professor of archaeology, hosts Oliver, a charming and confident graduate student, for the summer to help with research. At first, Elio finds Oliver arrogant and distant, while Oliver is polite but reserved. Despite the initial tension, a mutual attraction begins to grow. 2. Growing Tension and Connection Elio is self-conscious and curious about his feelings and sexuality. He experiences intense emotional and physical longing for Oliver. Th...

Detailed summary of A Room with a View (1908) by E. M. Forster, a classic novel exploring love, social conventions, and personal freedom. 🌿 Overview A Room with a View* is set in Edwardian England and Italy. It tells the story of Lucy Honeychurch, a young Englishwoman who struggles between society’s expectations and her own desires. The novel explores love, self-discovery, and the clash between passion and propriety. 💞 Detailed Summary 1. Florence – Awakening Lucy Honeychurch travels to Florence, Italy, with her proper cousin Charlotte Bartlett. They are staying at a pension (guesthouse) with a modest room — though Lucy hopes for “a room with a view” of the beautiful city. In Florence, Lucy meets George Emerson, a free-spirited, unconventional young man. George and his father are unlike the rigid English society Lucy is accustomed to. One afternoon, while visiting the Arno River, George kisses Lucy impulsively. Shocked and constrained by her upbringing, Lucy struggles to ...

Summary of Normal People (2018) by Sally Rooney , one of the most acclaimed contemporary love stories of our time. 💞 Overview Normal People follows the intense and complicated relationship between Connell Waldron and Marianne Sheridan , two Irish teenagers from a small town, as they move from high school to university and navigate love, class, intimacy, and self-understanding. It’s a quiet, deeply emotional story about how two people keep finding and losing each other — and how love can both heal and wound. 🌿 Detailed Summary 1. School Days – Secret Love Connell is a popular, well-liked boy from a working-class background. His mother, Lorraine, works as a cleaner for the wealthy Sheridan family. Marianne Sheridan, on the other hand, is intelligent, outspoken, and socially isolated — considered strange by her classmates. Despite their differences, Connell and Marianne develop a deep emotional and physical connection. They begin a secret relationship, but Con...

 S ummary of The Time Traveler’s Wife (2003) by Audrey Niffenegger — a unique and deeply emotional love story that blends romance, science fiction, and tragedy. 🕰️ Overview The Time Traveler’s Wife tells the love story between Henry DeTamble , a man who involuntarily travels through time, and Clare Abshire , the woman who loves him through all his disappearances and returns. Their romance defies the normal boundaries of time — Henry’s condition makes their relationship both magical and heartbreaking. 💞 Detailed Summary 1. Henry’s Time-Traveling Condition Henry DeTamble, a librarian in Chicago, suffers from a rare genetic disorder called Chrono-Displacement , which causes him to time-travel unpredictably . He has no control over when or where he goes, and whenever he travels, he arrives naked and alone , forced to survive until he returns to his present. His experiences often take him to emotionally important moments in his own life — including meeting hi...

Summary of Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell (1936) — one of the greatest romantic epics in American literature Overview Gone with the Wind is set in the American South during the Civil War (1861–1865) and the Reconstruction era that followed. It tells the story of Scarlett O’Hara , a strong-willed Southern woman, whose love, loss, and determination mirror the fall and transformation of the Old South itself. Detailed Summary 1. Scarlett O’Hara and Tara Scarlett O’Hara lives at Tara , her family’s plantation in Georgia. She is beautiful, vain, and spoiled — admired by many men. She is in love with Ashley Wilkes , a gentle and honorable man, but he is engaged to his cousin Melanie Hamilton , a kind and selfless woman. When Ashley marries Melanie, Scarlett, out of spite, hastily marries Melanie’s brother Charles Hamilton , though she doesn’t love him. 2. The Civil War Begins Shortly after, Charles dies of illness in the war, leaving Scarlett a young widow wi...

Title: Voss Author: Patrick White Published: 1957 Genre: Psychological / Historical novel Setting: Mid-19th century Australia Patrick White’s Voss is a profound novel that blends history, psychology, and spirituality. It tells the story of Johann Ulrich Voss, a German explorer who undertakes an expedition to cross the vast and hostile Australian continent. The novel is inspired by the real-life explorer Ludwig Leichhardt, who disappeared during an inland expedition in the 1840s. 1. Introduction: Sydney and the Meeting The novel begins in Sydney in 1845, where Johann Ulrich Voss, a German explorer, prepares to lead an expedition into the unexplored interior of Australia. He is described as proud, intense, and obsessed with mastering nature. During this time, he meets Laura Trevelyan, a young, intelligent woman living with her wealthy uncle and aunt, the Bonners, who are his patrons. Though they meet only briefly, a deep and mysterious spiritual bond forms between them — a co...

Summary of Such Is Life (1903) by Joseph Furphy: Such Is Life is a semi-autobiographical novel written under the pseudonym Tom Collins, portraying the everyday life, philosophy, and humor of people in the Australian bush during the 1880s. The book takes the form of a diary kept by the narrator, Tom Collins, who works as an inspector of government stock. Over the course of his travels through the rural districts of New South Wales and Victoria, he records his encounters with bullock drivers, squatters, drovers, swagmen, and shearers. The novel does not follow a single continuous plot. Instead, it unfolds through a series of loosely connected episodes and anecdotes, filled with humor, irony, and reflection. Collins meets various bush characters and listens to their tales — some comic, others tragic — which reveal the hardships and moral struggles of life in the outback. Throughout his journeys, Collins often reflects on philosophical and moral questions, discussing topics lik...

“The Grass Is Singing” is a novel by Doris Lessing, first published in 1950. It is one of the earliest works in postcolonial African literature and explores themes of race, class, gender, and isolation in Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). Summary The story begins with a newspaper article announcing that Mary Turner, a white woman, has been murdered by her Black houseboy, Moses. From this shocking opening, the novel moves backward to explain how this tragedy came about. 1. Mary’s Early Life Mary grows up in a small South African town. Her childhood is unhappy and lonely—her father is an alcoholic, and her mother is bitter and poor. When her parents die, she enjoys a brief period of independence working in an office in town, living freely and socializing with friends. However, as she nears thirty, people begin gossiping about her being unmarried, pressuring her to find a husband. Feeling the weight of social expectation, she impulsively marries Dick Turner, a struggling white...

Title: Eyes of a Goddess Author: Ukamaka Olisakwe Published: 2012 Genre: Contemporary African Fiction / Feminist Literature Setting: Nigeria (mostly urban, modern-day) Summary Eyes of a Goddess tells the story of Nkem, a young Nigerian woman whose life becomes a reflection of the struggles faced by many women in a patriarchal society. The novel begins with Nkem growing up in a traditional, conservative environment where a woman’s worth is defined by her obedience, beauty, and marriageability. Nkem dreams of education and independence, but her path is controlled by social expectations and male authority figures. She is caught between modern ideals of freedom and traditional roles that restrict her choices. When she falls in love, her decisions are judged harshly by family and community, and she faces betrayal from those she trusted. Through Nkem’s experiences, Olisakwe exposes the deep inequalities women face — from domestic violence and sexual abuse to the pressure of silen...

Title: The Diamond as Big as the Ritz Author: F. Scott Fitzgerald Published: 1922 (in Tales of the Jazz Age) Genre: Satire / Fantasy / Social commentary Summary: The story follows John T. Unger, a young man from a middle-class family in Hades, Mississippi, who is sent to an exclusive boarding school. During the summer vacation, his wealthy classmate Percy Washington invites him to visit his home in Montana. On the train, Percy boasts that his father owns “the only diamond bigger than the Ritz-Carlton Hotel.” John thinks Percy is joking—until they arrive at Percy’s home, a secret mountain estate made entirely of diamond, hidden from the world. The Washington family—Percy’s father Braddock Washington, mother, and sister Kismine—live in unbelievable luxury. The estate is guarded by servants and surrounded by mountains that conceal it from outsiders. John quickly falls in love with the beautiful Kismine, who tells him the truth: her family’s fortune is built on a diamond mounta...

Title: Hands Author: Sherwood Anderson Collection: Winesburg, Ohio Genre: Psychological realism / Modernist short story Summary: The story centers on Wing Biddlebaum, a lonely, nervous man who lives on the outskirts of the small town of Winesburg, Ohio. He is known for constantly moving his hands — they flutter, tremble, and fidget endlessly. The townspeople find him strange and keep their distance, though they don’t know his full story. Only one person shows him kindness — George Willard, a young reporter in Winesburg. Wing feels a strong affection and fatherly concern for George, and when they talk, Wing’s hands seem to come alive with expressive gestures. As the story unfolds, we learn about Wing’s past: his real name was Adolph Myers, and he once worked as a beloved schoolteacher in a Pennsylvania town. He was gentle and affectionate with his students, often touching their shoulders or hair while talking — a gesture meant to encourage and comfort them. However, these in...

Conjunction   A conjunction is a word that joins words, phrases, or clauses together in a sentence. 🟩 Types of Conjunctions 1. Coordinating Conjunctions These join words or groups of words of equal importance. Examples : and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet Examples in sentences: I wanted to go for a walk, but it started raining. She likes coffee and tea. 2. Subordinating Conjunctions These join a dependent clause to an independent clause. Examples: because, although, since, if, when, unless, before, after, while, though Examples in sentences: I stayed home because it was raining. Although he was tired, he finished his homework. 3. Correlative Conjunctions These are pairs of conjunctions that work together. Examples: either…or, neither…nor, both…and, not only…but also, whether…or Examples in sentences: Either you study hard or you will fail. She is not only smart but also kind.

Adverb An adverb is a word that describes or modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. It tells us how, when, where, or to what extent something happens. 🔹 Examples : She runs quickly. → (quickly tells how she runs) He came yesterday. → (yesterday tells when) They live nearby. → (nearby tells where) She is very smart. → (very tells to what extent) 🔹 Types of Adverbs: Adverb of Manner – tells how something happens. 👉 slowly, happily, fast, well Example: She spoke softly. Adverb of Time – tells when something happens. 👉 now, soon, yesterday, later Example: We will meet tomorrow. Adverb of Place – tells where something happens. 👉 here, there, outside, everywhere Example: The children are playing outside. Adverb of Frequency – tells how often something happens. 👉 always, often, sometimes, never Example: He always wakes up early. Adverb of Degree – tells to what extent something happens. 👉 very, quite, too, almost Example: She is too tired to walk.

Summary of “A Dream of Drowning” by Peter Carey Peter Carey’s short story “A Dream of Drowning” explores themes of guilt, imagination, and the haunting effects of one’s inner fears and failures. The story reflects Carey’s characteristic blend of realism and fantasy, delving into the psychological world of its central character. The story revolves around a man named McGrath, a writer who is struggling with his creative and emotional life. McGrath and his wife move to the countryside so he can finish writing his book in peace. However, instead of finding inspiration, he becomes increasingly isolated, frustrated, and haunted by strange dreams—particularly a recurring dream of drowning. In his dreams, McGrath envisions himself submerged in deep water, fighting for breath. This drowning motif symbolizes his sense of suffocation—emotionally, creatively, and morally. The natural environment around him—especially the swamp near his house—mirrors his mental state: murky, stagnant, a...

“My Father’s Axe” is a short story by Tim Winton.  It appears in his collection Scission (1985). The story is narrated by a man who discovers that his father’s old axe is missing. This axe holds sentimental value because it reminds him of his father and their shared past. He searches for it around the house and becomes increasingly disturbed by its disappearance. As he looks for it, he begins reflecting on change and continuity — how things are replaced and yet seem to stay the same. He recalls that the axe has had its handle and blade replaced over the years, yet it’s still called “his father’s axe.” By the end, the missing axe becomes a symbol of identity, memory, and loss. The narrator’s frustration and confusion mirror his deeper anxiety about change — how time transforms people, objects, and relationships until their original essence seems lost.

A blow, a kiss summary  “A Blow, a Kiss” is a short story by Tim Winton, an Australian author known for his realistic portrayals of rural and suburban life in Western Australia. The story explores themes of family, growing up, love, and understanding. The story is narrated by a young boy who reflects on an incident from his childhood. He lives with his parents in a small Australian town, and much of the story revolves around his relationship with his father, a man of few words but strong emotions. One day, the boy witnesses a fight between his parents. His father hits his mother in a moment of anger — “a blow” — but soon after, he is filled with regret and guilt. Later, he shows affection toward her again — “a kiss.” This contrast between violence and tenderness confuses the boy, who is trying to make sense of adult relationships and emotions. After the incident, the father takes the boy for a drive to the beach, where they spend time together. This trip becomes a momen...

“ Big World” by Tim Winton – Summary Tim Winton’s “Big World” is a coming-of-age short story from his collection The Turning (2004). It explores friendship, freedom, and the longing to escape small-town life. The story is narrated by an unnamed teenage boy who has just finished high school in a small Western Australian town. His best friend, Biggie, is a large, good-natured boy who has also failed his exams. Both feel trapped and disappointed by their poor results and limited prospects. To escape the monotony of their town and start anew, they decide to leave immediately after graduation. They take an old van and drive north, hoping to find work and adventure in a “big world” beyond their small community. The boys dream of freedom, travel, and self-discovery. During their journey, they experience the beauty of the landscape and the excitement of being on their own for the first time. However, as time passes, the narrator begins to feel uncertain about their future. He reali...

“ Neighbours” by Tim Winton – Summary “Neighbours” is a short story by Australian writer Tim Winton, first published in his 1985 collection Scission. It explores themes of multiculturalism, community, and human connection in an urban Australian setting. Summary  The story is about a young couple who move into a new house in a suburb filled with European immigrants from countries like Poland, Greece, and Yugoslavia. The couple are quiet, educated, and used to privacy. At first, they feel uncomfortable and look down on their neighbours, finding their customs noisy and strange — the neighbours shout, argue, and live very closely with one another. Over time, however, the couple start to adjust and appreciate the warmth and closeness of the community. The neighbours, who seemed intrusive at first, begin to help them in small ways — giving advice on gardening, sharing food, and showing kindness. When the woman becomes pregnant, the whole neighbourhood becomes involved. The ne...

“ Squeaker’s Mate” by Barbara Baynton – Summary and Analysis Summary : “Squeaker’s Mate” is one of Barbara Baynton’s most powerful short stories, first published in Bush Studies (1902). It tells the tragic story of a strong, capable bush woman known as Squeaker’s Mate. She does most of the hard work on their remote farm—fencing, clearing land, and managing the household—while her husband, known as “Squeaker,” is lazy, weak, and dependent on her. One day, while helping her husband move a heavy log, Squeaker’s Mate is badly injured—her back is broken, leaving her paralyzed. From that moment, her life becomes one of suffering and neglect. Squeaker, showing no compassion, treats her like a burden. He brings another woman, his new “mate,” to live with them, and together they mistreat the injured woman, who is left helpless in her bed. Despite her physical paralysis, Squeaker’s Mate remains mentally strong and defiant, refusing to show weakness. Her inner strength contrasts sharp...

“A Good Plain Cook” by Barbara Baynton – Summary Barbara Baynton’s short story “A Good Plain Cook” explores the harsh realities of life for women in the Australian bush and the hypocrisy of social and moral expectations. The story centers on a young bush woman who lives with a man and their child in an isolated rural setting. The woman works hard, taking care of the baby, the house, and the cooking—she is, as the title suggests, a “good plain cook.” However, her life is marked by emotional neglect, loneliness, and hardship. One day, the man brings home another woman to serve as a domestic helper, supposedly to help with household duties. But it quickly becomes clear that this new woman is more of a rival than a helper. The man treats the newcomer with affection and attention, while ignoring the mother of his child. The bush woman silently suffers the humiliation and betrayal, realizing that her usefulness and position depend solely on her domestic labor. The sto...

“ A Gentleman’s Agreement” by Steele Rudd – Summary Steele Rudd’s “A Gentleman’s Agreement” is a humorous Australian short story that highlights rural life, honesty, and the simple yet sometimes tricky dealings among country people. The story revolves around two bushmen, Joe and Dave, who make a verbal agreement—a “gentleman’s agreement”—regarding a horse trade. They trust each other’s word without any written contract, which was common practice among bushmen who valued reputation and honor over formalities. At first, both men appear honest and fair-minded, but as the story progresses, their self-interest and cunning begin to show. Each tries to interpret the agreement in a way that benefits himself. Small misunderstandings and loopholes in the verbal deal lead to confusion, suspicion, and comic exchanges between them. Through clever dialogue and dry humor, Rudd exposes how “gentleman’s agreements”—though based on trust—can easily become sources of conflict when personal ga...

Summary of “Boys and Girls” by Alice Munro The story “Boys and Girls” is told by a young unnamed girl who lives with her family on a fox farm in rural Ontario, Canada. Her father raises silver foxes for their fur, and she often helps him with outdoor chores—feeding the foxes, carrying water, and preparing food. She admires her father’s work and feels proud to assist him, believing it makes her important and capable. Her mother, however, stays inside the house, cooking and doing domestic work. The girl dislikes her mother’s world and does not want to end up doing “women’s work.” She sees herself as strong and independent, different from the traditional idea of a girl. As she grows older, people around her—including relatives—begin reminding her that she should act “like a girl.” Her younger brother Laird, who is still small, starts joining their father more often. Slowly, she realizes that society expects boys to be brave and outdoorsy, while girls are expected to be gentle ...

Summary of “Shooting the Moon” by Henry Lawson  Detailed Summary The story “Shooting the Moon” is narrated by a travelling bushman — a man who moves from place to place carrying his swag (a rolled-up blanket and a few belongings). He and his friend Jack Mitchell are two “swagmen”, unemployed bush workers who walk long distances through the Australian countryside, looking for work and camping wherever they can. As the story begins, the narrator and Jack Mitchell are walking along a lonely bush road. They have no money, no horses, and only their swags and billycans (small pots for making tea). They are on their way to a place where they hope to find work. Along the road, they talk and share stories to pass the time. While they walk, Mitchell tells the narrator a story from his past about how he once ‘shot the moon.’ In the Australian bush slang, “shooting the moon” means leaving a place secretly at night without paying for your board or lodging. It’s often seen as a disho...

The Bush Undertaker” by Henry Lawson – Summary “The Bush Undertaker” (1892) is one of Henry Lawson’s most memorable Australian short stories. It vividly portrays the isolation, rough humour, and stark reality of bush life in 19th-century Australia. Summary The story begins with an old shepherd, known only as “Old Bill”, who lives alone in the Australian bush with his dog, Five-Bob. The man is eccentric and solitary, spending his days tending sheep, talking to himself, and interacting with his dog as if it were human. His habits and speech show both his rough bush character and a deep loneliness. One day, while out in the bush, Old Bill and Five-Bob discover the remains of a man lying under a tree. The skeleton is partly buried in the sand, suggesting he died alone long ago. Old Bill identifies the body as Brummy, a wandering swagman (a travelling labourer), whom he had known years before. Brummy was a bit of a drunkard and a trickster, often cheating people in card games. D...